Usage of IOT Devices in Cities-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Internet of things. Answer: Introduction: Smart city generally refers to the urban area, which is associated with collection of electronic data by making use of different sensors or better to say by making use of IoT devices for managing the assets and the resources in an efficient way [1]. This collection of data is generally done from the citizens, assets or from devices, which is then processed and analyzed to monitor various things going on inside the city. However, along with benefits, there also exists certain challenges and this mainly includes several things like the technical challenges, privacy and security challenges and many more. The total process of urbanization is closely related to the development in an economic way. Due to the fact that Internet of things has become a worldwide trend, and also due to the manufacturing of smart products by many companies started to offer smart products which are generally Computerized and is based on Internet connection so It is expected that in the near future, especially with IPv6, the use of IoT by people will increase along with the demand as well. There exists many challenges that is faced by the IoT technology in the smart cities. Some of the major challenges involve the attack by hackers, data ownership risks and single point failure. There always exist a confusion amongst the data owners weather to store data in local servers or on the servers of the trusted vendors. But in both cases there exists a risk of hacking. There is no existing mechanism which is fully protected against hacking. Along with this the security system which is totally based upon a centralized controlled system always faces the risk of failure. The best of avoiding this risk is by hav ing an USP or uninterruptible power supply so s to help the system keep in running state whenever a cut in the power supply is. Another way of protection is by having a miniature server for each house so that it can act as a backup whenever an emergency arises. This report mainly discusses about the usage of IoT devices in cities so as to make the life of people much easier. Along with the advantages there also exists some disadvantages. Different types of electronic sensors are used for the collection of data which helps a lot in easy management of the assets and the resources efficiently. The data is mainly collected from the citizens of the city, various devices and assets. These data is then processed and analysed for the purpose of monitoring and managing traffic along with the transportation systems, power plants, network of water supply, waste management, law enforcement, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community services. The convergence of the IoT technology and smart city technology has led to the generation of big data along with development of techniques like artificial intelligence or AI. Problems or Challenges Despite of the cities seeking to become smart cities series of challenges and concerns are raised by the applications used in the smart cities. Some of the problems faced by smart cities are listed below: Overloading of the sensors: All smart cities are based upon the data. And if data is needed then there also exists the need of a sensor [23]. The sensors are capable of measuring the temperature, patterns of the traffic, traffic for foot, quality of the air and integrity of the infrastructure and many more. The number of sensors are increasing day by day so the amount of data are also increasing. This might give rise to a situation when the sensors would be overloaded when sufficient number of sensors are not present. Power: Installing of numerous amount of sensors also requires lots of power. The current energy paradigms is not capable of providing to so many sensors [25]. Smart city can be considered as a sci-fi fantasy without any wireless power. Leakage of privacy and sensing of data: This is another problem in the IoT based smart cities. Smart cities are vulnerable to leakage of privacy due to various reasons, which might include interference from an outsider. Because private information is collected, transmitted and processed, there might exist many areas where the security of the private data might be compromised [26]. The private information might include identity of the user, location of the transportation, health condition, and many more. Therefore, it would be major insight if the disclosure of privacy sensitive information happens. Privacy and the availability of the data storing and processing: Despite of the competitive advantage provided by the powerful cloud servers in order to store data and process the information, there still exists the threats due to various untrusted cloud servers [27]. In cases when the data of the smart cities are in the clear texts while storing and processing the data, then this type of data is directly reveled to the servers of the cloud. Encryption or sending cipher texts to the cloud servers might protect the data from any kind of threats. Despite of the fact that this method is capable of preventing any type of unauthorized cloud servers to get access of the collected data, the processing of the encrypted data can be done in an effective way while performing various types of analytical operations for the smart cities [28]. Another challenge is possessed by the computational overheads regarding the efficiency, and this happens mostly when the volume of data is very large. One of the challenging issue related to securing of the data of the smart cities is faced during the processing and accessing of the controls. Trustworthy and Dependable Control: Smart cities consist of a two way control flow and this flow is generally dependent on the control system and the actuators so as to materialize various operations that are generally determined by the control center [29]. The most attractive targets of the attackers includes the systems responsible for controlling and giving feedback and this mainly includes the public and industrial infrastructure. Some of the major attacks involve the Denial-of-service attacks, spoofing attacks, malicious data injection and many more and this attacks are responsible for biasing, making the output incorrect or disabling of the management, control and operations. The detection of all these type of malicious attacks and misbehaviors is generally done by the third party inspections and auditing [30]. literature review The idea of smart city is considered to be new and can be stated as the successor of the informational city, digital based city and sustainable city. Caraglio et al. (2011) in their literature review conceptualized the idea of smart cities and mainly included the following enabling of the development of the culture as well as the society by enhancement of the efficiency regarding the administration and the economy, putting an underlying emphasis over the business oriented urban development, focusing strongly on the goal of realizing the social inclusions of various types of the urban residents in the public service, putting an emphasis on the sign fact role played by the high-tech as well as the industries for long term growth, having a perspective of paying close attention to the functioning of the social as well as the relational capital for the development of the city, Having a vision of taking the social and environmental sustainability as one of eth important aspect of the smart city [2]. Some other authors have been associated with pointing out the necessary ingredients to form the composition of eth smart cities [3][4][5]. In addition, this mainly includes the smart economy, smart environment, smart mobility, smart people, smart living and many more. It can be stated that the concept of smart city has gone beyond the definition of the digital cities, information cities and intelligent cities. This is mainly due to the reason that smart cities contextualize the technology, which is to be used in order to favor the whole system, and the services provided to the people [5]. Marsal-lllacuna et al. (2015) discussed about the fact that the experiences should be considered during the evaluation of the smart cities [6]. The experience might be about the environment friendly and livable cities, encompassing of the sustainability along with the quality of life. In addition to this, the course of the composition of eth technological factors is also included in the previous experiences. According to Lazaroiu and Roscia the smart city should also be capable of representing the technological community, interconnection, sustainability, comfort, attractiveness and optimized operations of the municipal services [7][8]. The new reality would greatly encourage the increasing of the number of suppliers for the smart cities market. In addition, this would be done by making use of the technology in order to manage the urban services as well [9] [10]. Kramers et al. (2014) [12] later emphasized the work of Schaffers et al. (2011) [11], which pointed out the fact that it is necessary to have a smart city in order to have the following things: Creation of a rich environment of the various broadband networks, which would be supporting the digital applications [11]. Initiation of a large-scale participatory process for innovation in order to create the applications. There exists few cities, which has been associated with appreciating the concept of smart cities, which they have also applied at the row domain in order to enjoy the various types of benefits and meet the needs of the city. Nam and Pardo (2011) was associated with dividing the smart cities into three different dimensions [13]. The three different dimensions includes the technology, population and lastly the institutions. According to this division made by the authors investments made on these three dimensions mainly aims at developing the quality of the life, promoting the management of the natural resources. This is initially associated with allowing the institutions to contribute in the various innovative process and provide better service to the citizens, strengthens the debates and involves the participation of the politics [2]. According to Dizdaroglu and Yigitcanlast (2016) one must consider into account the idea of the sustainable urban development while studying the smart cities [14]. This would help in better understanding of the term sustainability. Along with this the above process can also be considered as a process for change of how the resources are being exploited, the directions in which the investments are being made, development of the technology and lastly the institutional changes. All this are consistent and the needs of the future as well as the present. The term sustainability has gained its importance from the 1990s [15]. This is associated with denoting the relationship that exists between the social economies and the environmental sustainability aspects derived from combination of the indictors of each of the components. The current vision is mainly associated with addressing the three main issues and talk about the sustainable cities [16]. After considering all the aspects Hiremath et al. (2013) described the sustainable kind of urban development in order to achieve proper kind of balance between the developments of the urban areas and the protecting the environment [17]. This was done with a vision of equity in the process of income, employment, shelter, basic information, basic shelter, transportation, and social infrastructure in the urban areas. The interest upon the spread of the smart cities and adjacent concepts, which are associated with a number of factors. The factors might include the following: Major portion of the population of the world who are living in the cities. Changes in the climate Scarcity in the natural resources Globalization Increased rate of competition. Along with this the cities also needs to provide services that are much more improved and customizable [10]. Dhingra and Chattopadhyay (2016) stated that a smart and a sustainable city is having certain goals, which are to be achieved, and should be adaptable along with being reliable, scalable, accessible and resilient [18]. The goals might include the following: improved quality of life of the citizens, ensuring the fact that the growth is associated with better employment opportunities, Improvement of the well-being of the citizens and this would be done by ensuring the access of the citizens to the social as well as the community services. Ensuring the fact that efficient service is delivered and this would include the basic services and the infrastructure like the public transportation, drainage water supply and many more. Having the ability of addressing the climatic conditions and the issues of the environment. Providing of regulatory and local governance mechanisms, which are much more effective and ensures the policies, which are equitable. It has been observed that when the environmental issues are being considered in the smart cities then the discussions becomes much more political in nature and consider the international resolutions along with the innovative solutions to combat the various complex challenges. The author also stated that there exists four major attributes of eth smart cities and this mainly includes the (1) Sustainability, (2) Quality of the life, (3) Urban aspects and (4) Intelligence. This four attributes are analyzed four major themes and this includes the (1) society, (2) economy, (3) environment and (4) governance [19] [20]. Later the themes stated above was presented by Yigitcanlar and Velibeyoglu (2008) and Yigitcanlar and Lonnqvist (2013) by their idea regarding the knowledge based urban development and this is another kind of concept which is related to the development of the smart cities [21] [22]. Yigitcanlar and Lee (2014) also proposed a similar concept like the one proposed above which is known as the smart-eco city and this proposal mainly states that the cities should be ecologically healthy and use advanced technologies along with having an economically productive as well as environment friendly efficient industries [23]. They should be also having a responsible and harmonious systematic culture along with an aesthetic and living landscape, which is functional in nature. In smart cities, the wireless sensor network acts as a major source for generation of heterogeneous information. The information that is generally generated by the various types of sensor often overlaps along with being partial as well. In order to tackle the challenges which are related the fusion of the partial data acts as a major challenge in the research. According to the Dempster Shafer Theory of Evidence which was proposed by the Dempster and was later extended by the Shafer is considered as an extension of the traditional probability [31] [32]. This can be used for the purpose of reasoning which occurs under certain conditions. In a similar way, Tazid et al considered all the merits as well as the demerits of the various combination rules, which are generally used in the fusion of sensor data [33]. Yoon, and Suh and Javadi et al. by making use of the Dempster-Shefer approach made the fusion of the sensor data in the environmental domains [35]. The proposed data fusion approac h were limited to the several devices along with their functionality for a single smart city. There also exists some Smart city projects like the IBM projects SCRIB provides the definition of the smart city has with respect to the semantic model. This is based upon the data that has been gathered from different parts of the world. Some standards are used for defining the SCRIBE ontology, these standards might include the Common Alerting Protocol and the national Information Exchange Model or the NIEM. These standards address the issues related to heterogeneous data in various smart city domains. In a similar way, the Smart Santander project is also associated with evaluating the key building blocks of the IoT and this mainly includes the various interactions and the mechanism of the management protocol. Various kinds of sensors would be used in different cities and would be associated with exploiting the different applications. Along with this the the development of the test bed would also be helping in the exploitation of various Smart city domains which might include the mo nitoring of the environment, intensity of the traffic, and many more. Besides this the City Sensor Project also aimed at improving the human infrastructure which is existing and this initially helped in the providing of better services for eth citizens by means of exploitation of the available resources in a much more efficient way. But this projects have a drawback which is they are not capable of providing a detailed information about the way they are being implemented. Additionally the semantic model of eth project also does not specify the way in which they would be incorporating the aspects which are uncertain in nature. After considering all this aspects it is suggested to use an approach which is enriched semantically and is generally inferred by means of the intelligent customized applications in a smart city. Along with this the fusion approach which is based upon the domains of the expert knowledge and the process of reasoning which makes use of the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. Therefore, it can be concluded that this approach is the best, which would be well-suited for the purpose of dealing with the various uncertainty in the heterogeneous data for the smart city models. Along with this, it is also seen that the data, which is generated by the IoT devices, are heterogeneous in nature. Metholodgy The modern wireless technologies and the wireless sensors network are to be implemented in the future Smart City system, which would be providing powerful, flexible and intelligent support for the peoples who would be living in the cities. The figure that has been provided below shows the proposed architecture of Smart city, which is known to be an extension of the, previously restricted system. The process of integrating the wireless sensor networks and the wireless communication services has decided some aims and this includes the real-time high-level context-aware customized services, living environments, which would be much better and improved utilization of the resources, which are available. The sensory data that are deployed in the smart cities are associated with providing the primary data for purpose of generating the heterogeneous information. The information that is generally provided by the sensor nodes is generally collected by making use of the communication systems, wh ich are existing. Once the collection of the data is completed then the processing and analysis of the data is done by means of semantic web technologies the Dempster-Shafer combination rule. The deploying of this architecture on the cloud platforms can be used as a SaaS or software as a service. Fig 1: Various Components of the Smart City The architecture that has been proposed would be helping in numerous ways. This system would also be associated with serving as one of the intelligent platform for those who are living in a smart society. Data is collected from smart city domains and is combined which would be helping the architecture in assisting the peoples in a smart manner. The main steps that are to be followed for the purpose of implementing the architecture is described below which starts with the collection of the data and processing in order to make them consumable by the web. After the conversion of the data is completed into common factors then they are enriched semantically by making use of the OWL concept. Which is generally based upon the knowledge of the experts in the domain. Besides this at the same level, the data which has been collected are also processed by making use of the Dempster-Shafer rules. This is done in order deal with the uncertainty aspects of the semantic model. The main idea include s the reorganization of the activities and learn the new rules, which would be governing the activities. The new rules would also be used for defining the knowledge of the semantic models. This approach would also be used for defining the services, which are customizable and would be providing the feedbacks to the users at the end by means of alerts or warnings. Fig 2: Multi-Level Smart City Architecture The figure provided above shows the primary sources of the generating the information. The Raw data which are generally sensed by the sensor nodes is sent to the Level 1 architecture of the Smart city by using the communication service and this is further associated with performing processing of the information in the future. The levels have been discussed in details in the following section of this report. Level 1: Collection of the data: The collected data is stored for the purpose of further processings in this level. The data is generally collected from various types of sensors. Data is collected in different forms and is then converted into a common format. Level 2: Processing of the data: In this level the information which has been gathered from the previous level is then summarized before the transmission, analysis and fusion fusions in the next levels by suing the web related technologies. The main objective includes the conversion of the collected data into a common format, which might include the Resource Description Framework or the RDF. This is one of the most common ways, which can be used in order to exchange the information over the web, and this is also associated with facilitating the sharing of heterogeneous data and the integration for the different smart cites [37]. This is also associated with defining the metadata about the resources present in the web. Along with this various software also might use the RDF for the purpose of reasoning the operations in an intelligent way. Level 3: Reasoning and aggregation of the data: Semantic web technologies is associated with exploiting the domain specific data which is based upon the concepts as well as the relationship that exists between the concepts. Web ontology language or the OEL is generally used for the purpose of publishing the ontologies. OWL is an RDF graph is built by making use of the RDF and the ontologies. This is associated with allowing the classification of the individuals or the concepts, which are based on the different classes. This also provides two types of properties, this can be used in order to form various relationships that exists between different classes, and this includes the property of the data and the property of the object. After the classification of the data is completed, then it is further enriched with the experts of the domain and the uncertain reasonings. here the Dempster-Shafer would be used for recognizing the activities and learn the new rules in the particular domain of the discourse [36]. The Dempster-Shafer is used for combining the data of the sensors from various smart cities. This would greatly help in the learning of the new technologies by making use of uncertain reasoning, which would be assisting in achieving an intelligent smart system. SPARQL is an RDF query language which is used for the purpose of query, retrieving and manipulating the data or the record which are stored in the format of RDF. After the database is used or provided in the form of RDF triples then the SPARQL would be enabling the query and retrieval of the data in the same format. Initially this level would be motivating towards the fusion of information at low level. The new rules, which would be learnt by this process of extraction of the context information at the high level from the raw data of the sensors, would be stored. This would be used for building up of the knowledge in the architecture of the Smart city. Level 4: Alerts and control of the device: The data which has been obtained from the level 3 can be used by different web applications for various operating condition which are intelligent in nature. The data, which has been inferred, can be utilized in different ways, which might include the input or the output, messages, alerts and the warnings. A very important role is played by the communication for achieving the concept of the smart city. The figure which has been provided below is associated with showing the communication services which are existing and this is used in a Smart city infrastructure which might include the 3G, LTE, Wi-Fi, WiMAX and many more. The main aim includes the connection of all sort of things, which would be helping in the making of the life of the citizens more comfortable as well as safe [38]. The combination of the smart city and the communication technologies would be associated with making the cities much more secure and provide a convenient infrastructure for living in a better way. Fig 3: The communication system in a Smart city The figure provided below shows the customized services present in a smart city. This can be better understood by the use of an example that is in case of eth vehicle and the health domains combination of the sensor data is done in order to measure the impacts of the driver health parameters on driving conditions. For cases which involve the environment an administration domain, the low-level information which is collected from eth environment domain and includes thing like the temperature and eth water level would be helping in driving the customization of the high-level information. Whenever a high-level customized information is combined with the services related to city administration then it would be greatly helping in the saving of lives. In a similar way for the industrial sector, the context-aware services would be obtained by means of heterogeneous fusion of the data and this would be greatly helping in the creation of a safe working environment by the workers of the factory. Conclusion A revolution has taken place in the idea of smart city and has evolved totally into a new era assisted by recent developments in the ICT which has combined the wireless sensor networks and also the computer networks. The main aim of this report includes the addressing of some of the services which are customizable in a Smart city environment. This is generally done by making use of the semantic modeling and the Dempster-Shafere theory. Along with this by making of the Dempster-Shafer approach in the architecture of smart city would be helping in addressing the various uncertainty aspects in the smart city and this would also help in focusing on the important areas of the smart city environment. It has been seen that that the IoT is associated with bringing various changes in the daily lives of everyone. Which is initially responsible for helping in making the lives of people much easier and more comfortable. Various technologies and applications are used in the smart cities for perfo rming various functions the usefulness of IoT is innumerable. However, with the benefits there also exists some disadvantage of the IoT while using it in the smart cities. 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